I. Olelo mua
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā oscillators Crystal, ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻokele frequency control, i nā mea hana ʻenehana, nā ʻōnaehana nānā palekana, nā mea lapaʻau, nā uila uila, nā mea hana home akamai, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona macro, pili maoli ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻikepili ʻike honua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā oscillators kristal. Ke kālailai ʻōnaehana kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana o nā oscillator kristal-mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena piezoelectric a hiki i ka nano-pake pālākiō-e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o kā lākou hoʻolalelale ʻana i ka holomua ʻenehana kanaka ma o nā hoʻololi ʻenehana ʻehā.
II. Ka Moʻolelo Hoʻomohala o Crystal Oscillators
1. Ka Manawa Naauao
I ka makahiki 1880, ua ʻike nā kaikunāne ʻo Jacques lāua ʻo Pierre Curie, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical i nā pā aniani quartz i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka uila, e manaʻo ana i ka manaʻo o ka .hopena piezoelectric.
Kuʻuna hopena Piezoelectric: Ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kaomi i nā mea piezoelectric, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa uila (i ʻike ʻia ʻo kahopena piezoelectric pololei). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana, hoʻohana ʻana i ka volta e hana i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical (kahopena piezoelectric inverse). Inā pili ka puʻe i ka haʻalulu -frequency kiʻekiʻe, hoʻopuka ia i nā au uila alapine kiʻekiʻe. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hōʻailona uila alapine kiʻekiʻe i nā seramika piezoelectric, hana lākou i nā hōʻailona acoustic alapine kiʻekiʻe (nā haʻalulu mīkini), ʻike mau ʻia ʻo nā hōʻailona kani ultrasonic.
I ka makahiki 1918, ua noiʻi ʻo Paul Langevin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pā aniani quartz e hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana sonar mua no ka ʻike ʻana i ka submarine. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hana sonar he nui no ka hoʻoponopono ʻike piha ʻana a me ka mana kikowaena e hoʻokō i nā koi tactical, me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka leo, ka leo kani, ka ʻike ʻana i ka pulse sonar, ka ʻike maka, a me ka ʻōlelo aʻo torpedo. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Langevin i nā papa quartz ʻoki X-no ka hana ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā nalu kani ma lalo o ka wai.
I ka makahiki 1921, ua hōʻoia ʻo Polofesa WG Cady o ke Kulanui Wesleyan i ka quartz crystal oscillator. Ua hoʻohana kāna patent i nā resonator kristal quartz e hoʻomalu i ke alapine oscillator a wehewehe i nā pahu quartz / papa e like me nā maʻamau a me nā kānana. No laila, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Cady ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻohana i nā kristal quartz no ka mana alapine i nā kaʻa oscillator.
I ka makahiki 1923, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Polofesa GW Pierce ʻo Harvard i kahi kaapuni oscillator kristal e kau ana i ka aniani ma waena o ka mākia a me ka anode o kahi pahu pahu māmā -he mea mua i ka hoʻonohonoho oscillator Pierce.
I ka makahiki 1925, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Westinghouse Electric i kahi oscillator kristal ma ke ʻano he oscillator nui no kā lākou lekiō KDKA.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Van Dyke i ke kumu hoʻohālike kaapuni like no nā resonator kristal quartz. ʻElua alapine resonant o kēia kaapuni: kapūʻulu alapine (fs), kahi e kani ai ka lala Lg-Cg-Rg, a me ka alapine resonant parallel (fp)., ka resonance kaapuni holoʻokoʻa. Mai ka Cg I ka makahiki 1926, ua ʻike ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal i ʻoki ʻia e Y-. Ma mua o ia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal quartz ʻoki X{3}}ʻoki. ʻOiai ua loaʻa i nā kristal ʻoki X{5}} ka helu wela o ~-20ppm/ degere, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kristal ʻoki ʻoki-Y ~{+100ppm/ degere, e hōʻike ana e hiki i nā ʻoki aniani ʻokoʻa ke hāʻawi i nā koena wela like ʻole. I ka makahiki 1927, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Warren Marrison o Bell Labs i ka maʻamau oscillator crystal quartz mua. I ka makahiki 1928, ua hana ʻo Warren Marrison i ka uaki aniani quartz mua ma Bell Telephone Laboratories. Ua pani nā wati Quartz i nā uaki pendulum pololei ma ke ʻano he mea mālama manawa pololei loa o ka honua (a hiki i nā uaki atomika). Uaki atomikae hoʻohana i nā hawewe electromagnetic i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ikehu atomika no ka manawa, e loaʻa ai ka pololei o ~1 kekona hewa i kēlā me kēia 20 miliona makahiki-i kēia manawa ka mea paahana mālama manawa pololei loa o ka honua. I ka makahiki 1934, ua puka mai ka AT- a me BT-'oki quartz crystal resonator, i 'ike 'ia e Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Iapana), a me Beckmann/Straubel (Kelemānia). 2. ʻO ka manawa R&D: Hana Nui o nā Crystal Oscillators I ka makahiki 1950, ua kūkulu ʻia nā uaki atomika. Ua loaʻa i nā uaki Quartz ka pololei loa o 1 kekona ma luna o 30 makahiki (30ms/yr). Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Bell Labs i kahi kaʻina hana hydrothermal no ka ulu ʻana o ka quartz crystal scale pāʻoihana. 3. ʻO ka wā hoʻomohala: Batch Production & Shift from Military to Civilian Use I ka makahiki 1968, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Juergen Staudte o North American Aviation i ke kaʻina hana photolithography no ka hana ʻana i nā oscillator kristal quartz, e hiki ai i ka miniaturization no nā huahana portable e like me nā wati. I ka makahiki 1976, ua loa'a ka mua SC-kilika. Hoʻohana mua ʻia i loko o ka umu -oscillators crystal controlled (OCXOs) ma muli o ko lākou heluna wela maikaʻi loa ma nā mahana hana OCXO. 4. Ka Wā Hoʻomohala wikiwiki: Nā noi ʻokoʻa i ka Electronics Mai ka makahiki 1990 a hiki i kēia manawa, ua ulu ka quartz oscillators mai DIP i nā pūʻolo SMD liʻiliʻi, e hoʻololi ana mai nā pahu metala kuʻuna i ka plastic/metal/ceramic encapsulations. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā koi pololei a me ka pinepine, e koi ana i nā kaʻina hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hoʻonui ʻia nā noi mai nā hoʻohana niche i nā kahua like ʻole e like me 5G, IoT, uila uila, mālama olakino akamai, a me nā mea hana akamai. III. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻO nā makahiki 70+ mai ka makahiki 1880 a hiki i ka makahiki 1956 ka manawa kumu o nā quartz oscillators, i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hou a me nā mea hana hou. Hōʻike ka holomua o ka ʻenehana quartz i kahi kaʻina hana lohi o ka ʻike, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana, a me ka -oʻo mua ʻaʻole hiki ke wikiwiki. 
