ʻO ke koho ʻana o 32.768 kHz e like me ke alapine maʻamau no nā wati quartz ʻo ia ka hopena o nā noʻonoʻo piha e pili ana i ka pololei o ka manawa, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana, ka paʻakikī kaapuni, a me ka ʻoihana kaiaola. Hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ke kumu kumu penei.
ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka Binary Frequency Māhele
32.768 kHz like 215215 Hz, ʻo ia hoʻi, 2 i ka mana 15. Hiki ke hoemi pololei i keia alapine a hiki i 1 Hz ma o ka 15-mea hoʻokaʻawale alapine ʻelua, e hana ana i hoʻokahi-kekona hōʻailona puʻupuʻu e hoʻokele i ka lima kekona. Ke hilinaʻi wale nei kēia kaʻina hana ma kahi cascade maʻalahi o nā flip{13}}flops, ʻaʻohe koi ʻana i nā hana helu helu a i ʻole calibration. He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka circuitry a me ka mana-maikaʻi, kūpono ia no nā polokalamu kelepona paʻa e like me nā wati.
2. Haʻahaʻa mana hoʻohana
Hoʻohana ʻia nā wati Quartz e nā pila, e hana ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana he metric hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā alapine oscillator kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mana ikaika, akā ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e koi ai i nā ana aniani nui a i ʻole e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka circuitry peripheral. Ma 32.768 kHz, loaʻa kahi kaulike maikaʻi loa: mālama ʻia ka pololei o ka manawa ʻoiai ke mālama ʻia ka hoʻohana mana holoʻokoʻa ma ka pae microwatt, e hoʻolōʻihi pono i ke ola pākaukau.
3. Paʻa pinepine a me ka hana ʻana i ka makua
Loaʻa ka 32.768 kHz hoʻoheheʻe -fork quartz crystal crystal mai nā ʻumi makahiki o nā kaʻina hana oʻo. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kona alapine oscillation i nā mea kaiapuni e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana a me ka ʻelemakule, e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa -manawa pōkole maikaʻi loa. Ma kēia alapine, hāʻule nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e like me ke kūpaʻa series equivalent series (ESR) a me ke kumu maikaʻi (Q) i loko o kahi ākea kūpono, e hoʻopau ana i ka pono o nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa waho paʻakikī e hoʻokō i nā koi manawa o kēlā me kēia lā. Ua hoʻokumu kēia oʻo i ka 32.768 kHz ma ke ʻano he alapine (frequency) i makemake ʻia no ka -hua nui.
4. Mākaukau ʻOihana a me ka Mākaukau ʻĀina
I loko o nā ʻumi makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua lilo ʻo 32.768 kHz i ka alapine de facto maʻamau i ka -mana haʻahaʻa. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kaiaola ʻenehana piha a puni kēia alapine, me nā ICs divider i hoʻolaʻa ʻia, nā lako calibration, a me nā laina hana automated. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi alapine maʻamau e kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pilikia o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, e hoʻopōkole i nā pōʻai hoʻomohala, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana waiwai e kāohi i nā kumukūʻai. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 32.768 kHz e nā mea hana hana kiaʻi nui.
ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, loaʻa i ka 32.768 kHz kahi kālepa maikaʻi loa-ma waena o ka pololei, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana, ka nui kino, a me nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, e lilo ana ia i ka alapine aniani i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā wati quartz.
5. Nā Māka Pono a me ka -Hoʻokō Honua
Hōʻike maʻamau nā wati quartz maʻamau (me ka ʻole o ka uku wela) i kēlā me kēia mahina o ± 15 a ± 30 kekona, e pili ana i ka hewa makahiki ma kahi o ± 3 a ± 6 mau minuke a me kahi hewa i kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 0.5 a 1 kekona. ʻO kēlā me kēia kaʻe ʻana o ke alapine aniani mai kona waiwai nominal e hoʻonui hou i kēia mau hewa.
Hoʻohana pinepine nā wati quartz kiʻekiʻe i ka Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillators (TCXOs), kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia-i loko o nā mea ʻike wela e hoʻoponopono i ka alapine oscillation i ka manawa maoli, a laila e hoʻēmi i ka hopena o nā ʻano wela i ka pololei o ka manawa. Hiki i ia mau wati ke hoʻokō i ka hewa makahiki o nā kekona wale nō a ma kahi o ʻumi kekona (e laʻa, ± 10 a ± 20 kekona i kēlā me kēia makahiki), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā neʻe quartz maʻamau.
Me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka miniaturization o nā mea uila, ua emi mau ka nui o nā pahu o 32.768 kHz crystals, e ulu ana mai nā wāwae 8038 a me 7015 a hiki i 3215, 2012, a me 1610 mau ana. ʻAʻole mālama wale ʻo Hangjing Electronics i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūʻolo maʻamau nui e hoʻoponopono i nā koi hilinaʻi kikoʻī akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā ʻano huahana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka nui. Hāʻawi mākou i nā māka kikoʻī he nui, me ka ± 5 ppm, ± 10 ppm, a me ± 20 ppm, a me nā koho capacitance like ʻole e like me 12.5 pF, 9 pF, 7 pF, a me 6 pF, e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena maʻalahi i kūpono i nā pono o nā mea kūʻai aku.